The Indian and Chinese models have been pioneering experiments in the Renaissance, pushing all developing countries to take advantage of the strengths and progress of both of them. Although the degree of progress between the two models is uneven, both are full of lessons to be learned.

China has succeeded in looking to the future. Progress has not diminished; it has become a gamble for all observers to lead the world economy and perhaps future politics. Despite the success of the Indian experience and the global leadership, slowing Indian growth signals a faltering fate for this inspiring experience, especially with the failure to achieve the desired degree of well-being for the Indian people compared to the Chinese situation.

The following is a reading in the reality of the two models in order to draw lessons from them at all levels.

Chinese Experience.. Between success and Prosperity

The Chinese experiment actually took place in 1955 during the “Bandung Conference”, which was attended by 29 Asian and African countries to promote economic and cultural relations between the two continents. The importance of this conference is that it represents China’s starting point outside its borders. Beijing has provided economic, military and technical support to developing countries in an attempt to counter Western powers and create a new world order. This coincided with the desire of African countries in their quest for independence. In 1969, China’s attitude towards Africa was influenced by internal conditions, where the Cultural Revolution was at that time. After settling internal disputes, China began to resume new relations with the African continent.

China focused on a balance between superpower and its weak opponents. China in that period helped weak countries. In 1978, Mao’s post-Maoism marked new investments to support the economic sector to modernize China. China’s foreign policy at that time focused on modernizing the economy and increasing trade relations between China and the rest of the world. For China, the stable environment was required for development. The period 1979-1982 witnessed a change in China’s foreign policy, with economic support to developing countries declining, bilateral trade, especially trade, and the number of missions and medical teams declining. The General Assembly of the Communist Party No. 12 in 1982 was marked by a shift from a policy of war and revolution to a policy of “peace and development”. Similarly, China has shifted from an economy policy that serves diplomacy to a policy of diplomacy that serves the economy. In the same year, after a visit to a number of African countries, the Chinese premier announced the four principles of economic and technological cooperation with Africa. This shift has focused on the “real” practical impact of aid in relations in general and the spirit of development together. The Association has decided on two strategic factors for China’s policy in Africa:

1. The State will emphasize the development of China.
2. China will pursue an independent foreign policy.

During the Cold War, relations between the United States and the Soviet Union were strained. In those circumstances, China has focused on other countries. In 1982, Chinese Prime Minister Zhao Ziyang visited some African countries to support the four principles of China’s cooperation in developing countries, “equality and mutual benefit, and to cherish practical results, diversity in forms and economic development.

Pillars of China’s strategy

The Chinese strategy for renaissance adopts several factors:

1^st: Benefit from economic globalization:

Globalization was not the only tool that the United States of America held to control the world economically; China had benefited from globalization and had formed alliances, alliances and agreements with India, South Korea and Malaysia to counter American and Western economic globalization.

2^nd: Not interfering in the internal affairs of the countries that deal with them:

China avoids involvement in internal conflicts and seeks to present a different picture of what the world leaders know well about the European economy, which aims to sway some of its loyalists on their peers and integrate the economy with an expansionist policy that absorbs economic resources under various international pretexts; Terrorism, relief, human rights, or the security of Western interests; allowing Western countries to intervene in the affairs of developing countries to the point of being considered special losses. Chinese politicians are always saying that China does not mix politics with the economy.

3^rd: Providing Unconditional Assistance:

China itself offers African governments a clean country of “colonialist” ambitions that distort the history of their counterparts from European countries with the archaic and oppressive precedents of the peoples of developing countries.

China doesn’t not have its relations with developing countries by achieving some degree of democracy or by imposing special human rights standards under which Chinese grants were to be used.

4st: Filling the economic vacuum resulting from the temporary departure of Western countries from some African countries:

Chinese policy is not limited to a particular region. Beijing is filling in the gaps created by the boycott of Western countries – particularly the United States – by some countries that reject US policies, which the United States has called the “Rogue States” In addition to other countries that did not have the name but suffer sanctions or sub-blockade from the United States of America, such as Sudan, Iran, North Korea, Myanmar, Venezuela, Uzbekistan, Cambodia and others.

5^th: Adopting Methods of Development Partnership:

China has shown keen interest in the development partnership with developing countries. Unlike European countries, which for centuries have made Africa a repository of raw materials, it has not done what it can to advance the continent, and it is irritating to the Europeans that China’s foreign relations are now the best in the field of Development, and activating the utilitarian partnership of both sides.

6^th: Support the countries that give China priority in dealing in international forums:

China is first country in terms of the number of peacekeeping troops operating under the banner of the United Nations, superior to any other permanent member of the Security Council.

7^th: Disseminating of Chinese Culture and Chinese pattern of investment in Africa:

China has a historical ground for cooperation with the countries of the world. China has a legacy of “colonial” oppression against them, both of which do not want to repeat that period. China has suffered the British occupation; Japan and Africa have suffered centuries of occupation British, French, German, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish.

Indian Experience … A Strong Start and An unstable Future

India adopted a modernization experiment on industrial development. Nehru realized early on from independence that their country needed political democracy and economic development. Chinese leaders decided that the industry would be the locomotive driving Indian progress until it became one of the world’s nations. India has succeeded in transforming ethnic, linguistic, religious and class pluralism to serve the State’s goals and objectives, and Indian experience has shown that multi-ethnic States are more willing to progress than others.

India has benefited from the global environment after the heat in its strategic objectives. It has succeeded in liberalizing the economy and reshaping its foreign policy by engaging in regional and international society. India also maintained its traditional relations with Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Socially, India has succeeded in employing multi-ethnicism to achieve cohesion and build a strong state. The Indian model has also been able to benefit positively from population growth by integrating population into production. The Indian economy is currently ranked fourth worldwide, and the growth rate has increased from 6% in the period 1980-2002 to 7.5% during the period from 2002 to 2006.

However, there are problems facing the Indian model. Instead of following the traditional Asian strategy of exporting cheap manufactured goods using a large supply of labor, India has relied on its local covetousness for its reliance on coping, consumption rather than investment, and Services Instead of manufacturing, India also relied on production using advanced technology rather than relying on unskilled labor.

The Indian model also seems stable due to the fertile economic environment, ease of flow of funds, fixed government revenues, large reserves of foreign exchange and still high oil prices, as well as food prices.

But India faces a different reality recently. GDP growth is clearly declining. The slowdown is because the idea of ​​a recovery is becoming too difficult to reform the economy. Government spending and falling oil prices have boosted growth.

Indeed, high growth rates are not accompanied by a significant development in the living conditions of the impoverished Indian people. The Indian model failed to achieve the desired progress in this area. The Indian people still suffer from high energy prices, the negative impact of taxes on the prices of goods and services, Indians also suffer from bureaucracy that hinder the success of the Indian model.

In addition, the Indian model suffers from a number of structural problems, such as weak bureaucratic control over human resources. In the field of education, about a quarter of the primary school teachers are absent, and half of those who are present do not engage in teaching activities.

Conclusion

Reading the history and reality of the Indian and Chinese models in a comparative framework can be found in the following abstracts:

1. The Indian model differed from China’s ability to benefit from the technological advances of globalization. While the Chinese were able to develop education and support scientific research to develop the educational system, Indians failed to provide an Indian educational model that would improve the standard of living of the Indian people.
2. The Chinese experience was influenced by the aspirations of the ruling elite in the wake of independence, translated by China’s foreign policy. Chinese leaders abroad saw a source of domestic strength by seeking resources from developing countries, especially on the African continent. Openness to the outside world was thus one of the strengths of the Chinese model, comparing to the Indian experience, which ensured that the home depended on success in building a strong model.
3. China’s model has benefited from its human richness. China has cheap and well-trained labor in all fields. This has been positively affected by the efficiency of the advanced education system, which aims to provide the refugee with his real needs, not just by accelerating the numbers of university graduates away from making the most of these graduates.
4. China has also been able to combine technology, Western capital and well-trained manpower to support the trend of economic openness in all fields of the world in a remarkable shift away from the former regime, which depends on centralism and excessive bureaucracy, which reinforces all expectations that China becomes The world’s first economic power by 2050. China’s economic growth is the first in the world over the past ten years at a rate of 9-12% per annum, and Beijing is very advanced in attracting foreign investment.
5. The Indian experience was based on the use of Indian society’s strengths in population growth. Indians adopted the strategy of transforming population growth into wealth that could be used.
6. New Delhi has adopted a democratic model in the management of ethnic and religious pluralism in society, which has helped it make the most of the potential and benefits of this diversity.
7. India and China have benefited from the advantages of globalization, especially advanced technology, in developing the economic base to cope with the rapid changes posed by globalization.

Political Studies Unit

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